| Hormone | Location released | Major functions | Interaction with mast cells | Reference |
| Activin | Ovaries | Promotes FSH production and secretion
Enhances activity of LH
Promotes wound healing
|
Stimulates mast cell maturation
Activin causes mast cells to increase expression of a gene (TAP) that in turn promotes more activin activity |
Funaba M, et al. Identified of tocopherol-associated protein as an activing/TGFb inducible gene in mast cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta – Molecular Cell Research 2006: 1768 (8), 900-906. |
| Adiponectin | Adipose tissue, placenta | Increase insulin sensitivity and transfer of glucose to cells from blood
Protect against metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and NASH
Suppress production of glucose |
Mast cells regulate formation of adipose tissue
PGD2 drives differentiation of fibroblasts into adipocytes
Adiponectin may be associated with asthma in obese patients |
Nigro E, et al. Role of adiponectin in sphingosine-1-phosphate induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Pharmacological Research 2016: 103, 114-122.
Reena*, et al. Mast cell stabilizers obviate high fat diet-induced renal dysfunction in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 2016: 777, 96-103. |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)/ corticotropin | Pituitary | Stimulates corticosteroid and androgen synthesis and release in response to physical or emotional stress | Binding at pituitary histamine H4 receptors induces release of ACTH
Anaphylaxis and reactions trigger release of CRH, increasing release of ACTH |
Meng J, et al. Histamine H4 receptors regulate ACTH in AtT-20 cells. European Journal of Pharmacology 2008, 587: 335-336.
Theoharides TC, et al. Mast cells and inflammation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2012: 1822, 21-33. |
| Aldosterone and other mineralocorticoids | Adrenal gland (cortex) | Increases sodium and water reabsorption in kidney, increasing blood volume and blood pressure
Promotes excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions from the kidney |
Aldosterone release is controlled by renin-angiotensin system
Mast cell mediators such as chymase and renin participate in the renin-angiotensin system, driving up blood pressure.
Excessive release of serotonin by mast cells can also increase aldosterone production. |
Lalli E, et al. Local control of aldosterone production and primary aldosteronism. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 2016: 27 (3): 123-131.
Kennedy S, et al. Mast cells and vascular diseases. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2013: 138, 53-65. |
| Amylin | Pancreas | Suppresses hunger reflex
Slows gastric emptying |
Dysregulation of amylin contributes to lack of appetite and bloating in gastroparesis.
Histamine binding at H1 receptor encourages release of amylin, causing appetite suppression. |
Potes CS, Lutz TA. Brainstem mechanisms of amylin-induced anorexia. Physiology & Behavior 2010: 100, 511-518.
Kedar A, et al. Dysregulation of hormones insulin and amylin is associated with the symptoms of bloating and anorexia in diabetic gastroparesis. AGA Abstracts, Mo1583. |
| Angiotensin | Liver | Release of aldosterone
Vasoconstriction
Increase of blood pressure |
Angiotensin participates in the angiotensin-renin system, which regulates blood pressure.Many mast cell mediators, such as chymase, carboxypeptidase A and renin, participate in this system. | Kolck UW, et al. Cardiovascular symptoms in patients with systemic mast cell activation disease. Translation Research 2016: x, 1-10.
Kennedy S, et al. Mast cells and vascular diseases. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2013: 138, 53-65. |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) | Heart | Reduce systemic vascular resistance and water, sodium and fat in blood, decreasing blood pressure
Decrease cardiac output
Vasodilator
|
ANP directly activates mast cells, resulting in release of histamine, serotonin and TNF in a dose dependent fashion.
ANP is associated with mast cell driven inflammation and swelling. |
Chai, OK. The role of mast cells in atrial natriuretic peptide-induced cutaneous inflammation. Regulatory Peptides 2011: 167, 79-85. |